ABSTRACT

Yii is a high-performance component-based PHP framework for developing large-scale Web applications. It enables maximum reusability in Web programming and can significantly accelerate the development process. The name Yii (pronounced as Yee or [ji:]) stands for easy, efficient and extensible.

What is Yii Best for?

Yii is a generic Web programming framework that can be used for developing virtually all sorts of Web applications. Because it is light-weighted and equipped with sophisticated caching solutions, it is especially suitable for developing high-traffic applications, such as portals, forums, content management systems (CMS), e-commerce systems, etc.

How is Yii Compared with Other Frameworks?

Like most PHP frameworks, Yii is an MVC framework. Yii excels over other PHP frameworks in that it is efficient, feature-rich and clearly- documented. Yii is carefully designed from the beginning to fit for serious Web application development. It is neither a byproduct of some pro ject nor a conglomerate of third-party work. It is the result of the authors’ rich experience of Web application development and the investigation and reflection of the most popular Web programming frameworks and applications.

INTRODUCTION

The Yii framework is free software. It is released under the terms of the following BSD License.
1.1 New Features

This page summarizes the main new features introduced in each Yii release.

• Version 1.0.7

• Added support for displaying call stack information in trace messages

– Logging Context Information

• Added index option to AR relations so that related ob jects can be indexed using the values of a specific column

– Relational Query Options

• Version 1.0.6

• Added support for using named scope with update and delete methods:

– Named Scopes

• Added support for using named scope in the with option of relational rules

• Added support for profiling SQL executions

– Profiling SQL Executions

• Added support for logging additional context information

– Logging Context Information

• Added support for customizing a single URL rule by setting its urlFormat and case Sensitive options:

– User-friendly URLs

• Added support for using a controller action to display application errors:

– Handling Errors Using an Action

• Version 1.0.5

• Enhanced active record by supporting named scopes. See:

– Named Scopes

– Default Named Scope

– Relational Query with Named Scopes

• Enhanced active record by supporting lazy loading with dynamic query options. See:

– Dynamic Relational Query Options

• Enhanced CUrlManager to support parameterizing the route part in URL rules. See:

– Parameterizing Routes in URL Rules

1.2 What is Yii

Yii is a high-performance component-based PHP framework for developing large-scale Webapplications. It enables maximum reusability in Web programming and can significantly

accelerate the development process. The name Yii (pronounced as Yee or [ji:]) standsfor easy, efficient and extensible.

Requirements

To run an Yii-powered Web application, you need a Web server supporting PHP 5.1.0 or higher.

For developers who want to use Yii, understanding ob ject-oriented programming (OOP)is very helpful, because Yii is a pure OOP framework.

1.3 What is Yii Best for?

Yii is a generic Web programming framework that can be used for developing virtually all sorts of Web applications. Because it is light-weighted and equipped with sophisticated

caching solutions, it is especially suitable for developing high-traffic applications, such as

portals, forums, content management systems (CMS), e-commerce systems, etc.

1.4 How is Yii Compared with Other Frameworks?

Like most PHP frameworks, Yii is an MVC framework. Yii excels over other PHP frameworks in that it is efficient, feature-rich and clearly-documented. Yii is carefully designed from the beginning to fit for serious Web application development. It is neither a byproduct of some pro ject nor a conglomerate of third-partywork. It is the result of the authors’ rich experience of Web application development and the investigation and reflection of the most popular Web programming frameworks and applications.

1.4 Installation

Installation of Yii mainly involves the following two steps:

• Download Yii Framework from yiiframework.com.
• Unpack the Yii release file to a Web-accessible directory.

Requirements

After installing Yii, you may want to verify that your server satisfies all the requirementsof using Yii. You can do so by accessing the requirement checker script at the followingURL in a Web browser:

http://hostname/path/to/yii/requirements/index.php

The minimum requirement by Yii is that your Web server supports PHP 5.1.0 or above.

Yii has been tested with Apache HTTP server on Windows and Linux operating systems.

It may also run on other Web servers and platforms provided PHP 5 is supported.
Download Full Article Yii Framework.doc

Download Full Article Cocoa.doc

ABSTRACT

Cocoa is one of Apple Inc.’s native object-oriented application program environments for the Mac OS X operating system. It is one of five major APIs available for Mac OS X; the others are Carbon, POSIX (for the BSD environment), X11 and Java.

Cocoa applications are typically developed using the development tools provided by Apple, specifically Xcode (formerly Project Builder) and Interface Builder, using the Objective-C language. However, the Cocoa-programming environment can be accessed using other tools, such as Object Pascal, Python, Perl and Ruby, with the aid of bridging mechanisms such as PasCocoa, PyObjC, CamelBones and RubyCocoa, respectively. Also, under development by Apple, is an implementation of the Ruby language, called MacRuby, which does away with the requirement for a bridging mechanism. It is also possible to write Objective-C Cocoa programs in a simple text editor and build it manually with GCC or GNUstep’s makefile scripts. For end-users, Cocoa applications are considered to be those written using the Cocoa-programming environment. Such applications usually have a distinctive feel, since the Cocoa-programming environment automates many aspects of an application to comply with Apple’s human interface guidelines.

Main frameworks

Cocoa consists primarily of two Objective-C object libraries called frameworks. Frameworks are functionally similar to shared libraries, a compiled object that can be dynamically loaded into a program’s address space at runtime, but frameworks add associated resources, header files, and documentation.

Foundation Kit, or more commonly simply Foundation, first appeared in OpenStep. On Mac OS X, it is based on Core Foundation. Foundation is a generic object-oriented library providing string and value manipulation, containers and iteration, distributed computing, run loops, and other functions that are not directly tied to the graphical user interface. The “NS” prefix, used for all classes and constants in the framework, comes from Cocoa’s NeXTSTEP heritage.

Application Kit or AppKit is directly descended from the original NeXTSTEP Application Kit. It contains code with which programs can create and interact with graphical user interfaces. AppKit is built on top of Foundation, and uses the same “NS” prefix. A key part of the Cocoa architecture is its comprehensive views model. This is organized along conventional lines for an application framework, but is based on the PDF drawing model provided by Quartz. This allows creation of custom drawing content using PostScript-like drawing commands, which also allows automatic printer support and so forth. Since the Cocoa framework manages all the clipping, scrolling, scaling and other chores of drawing graphics, the programmer is freed from implementing basic infrastructure and can concentrate only on the unique aspects of an application’s content.

Technology Overview

Cocoa helps you create commercial-grade applications quickly and efficiently. It is an advanced, mature object- oriented development environment that enables you to create complex software with surprisingly few lines of code. Through a seamless integration of tools and Cocoa API, the design and construction of a user interface is largely a matter of dragging windows, buttons, and other objects from palettes, initializing their attributes, and connecting them to other objects. Cocoa also defines a model for applications and implements most aspects of application behavior; you simply fit into this model the code that makes your application unique.

The programmatic interfaces of the core Cocoa frameworks, Foundation and Application Kit, simplify access to most of the technologies on which Mac OS X is based, such as Quartz, Bonjour networking, Core Text, and the printing system. Although these interfaces are in Objective-C, you can integrate code written in other languages into your Cocoa projects, including C++ code and C code. Because Objective-C is a superset of ANSI C, frameworks with C APIs are compatible with Objective-C.

Implementations

The Cocoa frameworks are written in Objective-C, and hence Objective-C is the preferred language for development of Cocoa applications. Java bindings for the Cocoa frameworks (known as the “Java bridge”) are also available but have not proven popular amongst Cocoa developers. Further, the need for runtime binding means many of Cocoa’s key features are not available with Java. In 2005, Apple announced that the Java bridge was to be deprecated, meaning that features added to Cocoa in Mac OS X versions later than 10.4 would not be added to the Cocoa-Java programming interface. AppleScript Studio, part of Apple’s Xcode Tools makes it possible to write (less complex) Cocoa applications using AppleScript. Third party bindings available for other languages include PyObjC (Python), RubyCocoa (Ruby), CamelBones (Perl), Cocoa#, Monobjc (C#) and NObjective(C#).There are also open source implementations of major parts of the Cocoa framework that allows cross- platform (including Microsoft Windows) Cocoa application development, such as GNUstep, and Cocotron

Download Full Article Cocoa.ppt

Download Full Article Cocoa.doc

ABSTRACT

The term “Computer Network” to mean a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single technology .By this interconnection they are able to exchange information. Local Area Networks are privately owned networks within a single building or campus of few kilometers in size. In a traditional LAN we are connecting computers to the network through cables. But the wireless local area network (WLAN) is a flexible data communications system that can use either infrared or radio frequency technology to transmit and receive information over the air. Here each computer has a radio Modem and Antenna with which it can communicate with other systems. One important advantage of WLAN is the simplicity of its installation. Installing a wireless LAN system is easy and can eliminate the needs to pull cable through walls and ceilings. WLANs allow greater flexibility and portability than do traditional wired local area networks (LAN). 802.11 was implemented as the first WLAN standard. It is based on radio technology operating in the 2.4 GHz frequency and has a maximum throughput of 1 to 2 Mbps.

Unfortunately, wireless networking is a double-edged sword. WLANs use electromagnetic waves to transmit information, the radio waves can easily penetrate outside the building, it’s a risk that the network can be hacked from the parking lot or the street. So it’s very important to put enough attention on the WLANs security aspects. With wireless networking, there is no physical security. The radio waves that make wireless networking possible are also what make wireless networking so dangerous. An attacker can be anywhere nearby listening to all the traffic from the network. By properly engineering and using your wireless network, we can keep attackers at bay.

INTRODUCTION

Condition based monitoring has, in the past, been referred to as an art, when quite clearly it is a science, and despites the cost of machine, surprisingly little attention has been devoted to this science from the viewpoint of understanding and modeling failure mechanisms and the study of probability to failure. Predictive maintenance technique has now become common exercises as they maximize the machine availability time and minimize the cost of maintenance, since the machine can be stopped just before as impending problem in an other wise healthy machine

The term “wireless “reflects any means of communication that occurs without wires. The wireless is also called unguided media, i.e. wireless provide a means for transmitting electromagnetic waves but not guided them. Wireless technology in simplest sense enables one or more devices to communicate with out any physical connection, without requiring network of peripheral cabling.

Download Seminar Report On WLAN-Wireless LAN.doc

ABSTRACT

Mobile positioning technology has become an important area of research, for emergency as well as for commercial services. Mobile positioning in cellular networks will provide several services such as, locating stolen mobiles, emergency calls, different billing tariffs depending on where the call is originated, and methods to predict the user movement inside a region. The evolution to location-dependent services and applications in wireless systems continues to require the development of more accurate and reliable mobile positioning technologies. The major challenge to accurate location estimation is in creating techniques that yield acceptable performance when the direct path from the transmitter to the receiver is intermittently blocked. This is the Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) problem, and it is known to be a major source of error since it systematically causes mobile to appear farther away from the base station (BS) than it actually is, thereby increasing the positioning error.
In this paper, we present a simple method for mobile telephone tracking and positioning with high accuracy. Through this we will discuss some technology used for mobile positioning and tracking

INTRODUCTION

As shown in Figure 3, the mobile telecommunication network includes a several base stations (BSs) T 1 to T N for providing mobile telecommunication service to a mobile subscriber through a mobile telephone M1, a base station controller (BSC) for controlling the BSs T 1 to T N, and a mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) for connecting the BSC to another BTS or a PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).

In a cellular mobile telecommunication network, the whole service area is divided into a several coverage areas having respective base stations (BS). Each BS coverage area is called a “cell.” Each BS is provided with a frequency of a range between 450 to900 MHz. More than one cells can use same frequency. Only condition is that no two adjacent cells must have same frequencies. An MTSO controls these BSs so that a subscriber can continue his call without interruption while moving between different cells. The MTSO can reduce the time required for calling a subscriber by locating the cell of the subscriber. In case of an emergency like a fire, or a patient needing first aid treatment, the mobile subscriber should be accurately located. Tracking the location of a mobile subscriber within the boundary of a cell in a mobile telecommunication network is known as “location based services
Mobile technology includes mainly two functions. They are call fixing and hands-off process. All the BSs are sending a signal of power 25 to 30w to the mobile unit. When a user switches ON his mobile, it will search for the strongest signal and got connected to that BS. Then the mobile unit sends an identification signal to the BS. When he fixes a call, the BS accepts the request and sends the request to the BSC and MTSO. Then the MTSO will searches where the subscriber is and connects the call.

When a user moves to another cell the MTSO will change the frequency allotted to it and allots the frequency of the new BS.For both these processes GEOLOCATION of the mobile unit is essential..

Download Seminar Report On TRACKING AND POSITIONING OF MOBILE SYSTEMS IN TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS .doc

ABSTRACT

A laser-based contact less displacement measurement system is used for data acquisition to analyze the mechanical vibrations exhibited by vibrating structures and machines. The analysis of these vibrations requires a number of signal processing operations which include the determination of the system conditions through a classification of various observed vibration signatures and the detection of changes in the vibration signature in order to identify possible trends. This information is also combined with the physical characteristics and contextual data (operating mode, etc.) of the system under surveillance to allow the evaluation of certain characteristics like fatigue, abnormal stress, life span, etc., resulting in a high level classification of mechanical behaviors and structural faults according to the type of application.

Smart sensors or latest generation sensors are now use for vibration measurements. Where the first generation sensors are piezoelectric accelerometers, second generation sensors are modification of piezoelectric accelerometers and latest are the smart sensors. Third-generation smart sensors use mixed mode analogue and digital operations to perform simple unidirectional communication with the condition monitoring equipment.

INTRODUCTION

The study of vibrations generated by mechanical structures and electrical machines are very important. The advent of machines and processes that are more and more complex and the ever increasing exploitation and production costs have favored the emergence of several application fields requiring vibration analysis. Among these application fields, we find machine monitoring, modal analysis, quality control, and environment tests. These functions are used in fields such as aeronautics, space industry, automotive industry, energy production, civil engineering, and audio equipment.

The signal processing application described here uses a laser-based vibrometer in order to analyze the vibrations exhibited by mechanical systems. This technique can be used in the numerous applications mentioned above. The problem is to develop an intelligent system that has the ability to determine the system conditions based on a classification of the possible vibration signatures, detect changes in the vibration signature, and analyze their trends.

The classification of the various possible vibration signatures requires a priori knowledge of the mechanical system under healthy conditions as well as for the various fault conditions; when possible a mathematical model of the system should be provided. The latter is often crucial for the good interpretation of the observations, since it predicts the dynamic behavior of the structure and thus the healthy vibration signature.

Vibration spectra are in general “peaky” due to either the periodic nature of the system’s excitation or to the natural resonance properties of the mechanical system. Changes in a vibration signal can result from a variation of the amplitude, frequency, and/or phase of one or many of the components. Moreover, new peaks may add to the existing spectrum, or some peaks may fade out. Changes can also appear in the form of short transients or spikes in the time domain. At the extreme, if the vibrations become so strong that the structure actually starts to move, then the overall average level of vibration would change, that is, a DC component would appear.

All of the above changes may occur gradually, like fatigue stress slowly deteriorating the material’s properties, or they may occur suddenly, like the rupture of a mechanical part within a machine. They may also occur periodically or in a random fashion depending on the process generating the vibrations. For multiple state systems, changes must be interpreted carefully. For example, if the operating speed of a rotating machine is raised from A to B, the vibration analysis system should not declare the observed changes as being the result of a mechanical failure, but should adapt itself to this new mode of operation.

Download Seminar Report On Mechanical Vibration Analysis.doc

ABSTRACT

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a phenomenon occurring at metal surfaces(typically gold and silver) when an incident light beam strikes the surface at a particular angle.Depending on the thickness of a molecular layer at the metal surface,the SPR phenomenon results in a graded reduction in intensity of the reflected light.Biomedical applications take advantage of the exquisite sensitivity of SPR to the refractive index of the medium next to the metal surface, which makes it possible to measure accurately the adsorption of molecules on the metal surface an their eventual interactions with specific ligands. The last ten years have seen a tremendous development of SPR use in biomedical applications.

The technique is applied not only to the measurement in real time of the kinetics of ligands receptor interactions and to the screening of lead compounds in the pharmaceutical industry, but also to the measurement DNA hybridization, enzyme- substrate interactions, in polyclonal antibody characterization, epitope mapping, protein conformation studies and label free immunoassays. Conventional SPR is applied in specialized biosensing instruments. These instruments use expensive sensor chips of limited reuse capacity and require complex chemistry for ligand or protein immobilization. Laboratory has successfully applied SPR with colloidal gold particles in buffered solutions. This application offers many advantages over conventional SPR. The support is cheap, easily synthesized, and can be coated with various proteins or protein ligand complexes by charge adsorption. With colloidal gold, the SPR phenomenon can be monitored in any UV spectrophotometer. For high throughput applications we have adapted the technology in an automated clinical chemistry analyzer. This simple technology finds application in label free quantitative immunoassay techniques for proteins and small analytes, in conformational studies with proteins as well as real time association dissociation measurements of receptor ligand interactions for high throughput screening and lead optimization.

INTRODUCTION

During the last two decades we have witnessed remarkable research and development activity aimed at the realization of optical sensors for the measurement of chemical and biological quantities. First optical chemical sensors were based on the measurement of changes in absorption spectrum and were developed for the measurement of CO2 and O2 concentration. Since then a large variety of optical methods have been used in chemical sensors and biosensors including elipsometry, spectroscopy, interferometry spectroscopy of guided modes in optical wave guide structures and surface plasmon resonance .

The potential of surface plasmon resonance for characterization of thin films and monitoring process at metal interfaces was recognized in the late seventies. In 1982 the use of SPR for gas detection and biosensing was demonstrated by Nylander and lieberg . Since then SPR sensing has been receiving continuously growing attention from scientific community. Development of new SPR sensing configurations as well as applications of SPR sensing devices for the measurement of physical , chemical and biological quantities have been described . The SPR sensor technology has been commercialized by several companies and become a leading technology in the field of direct real time observation of the biomolecular interaction.
The phenomenon of anomalous diffraction on diffraction gratings due to the excitation of surface plasma waves was first described in the beginning of the twentieth century by Wood. In the late sixties, optical excitation of surface plasmons by the method of attenuated total reflection was demonstrated by Kretschmann and Otto .

Download Seminar Report On SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE.doc

ABSTRACT

In recent years, Broadband technology has rapidly become an established, global commodity required by a high percentage of the population. The demand has risen rapidly, with a worldwide installed base of 57 million lines in 2002 rising to an estimated 80 million lines by the end of 2003. This healthy growth curve is expected to continue steadily over the next few years and reach the 200 million mark by 2006. DSL operators, who initially focused their deployments in densely-populated urban and metropolitan areas, are now challenged to provide broadband services in suburban and rural areas where new markets are quickly taking root. Governments are prioritizing broadband as a key political objective for all citizens to overcome the “broadband gap” also known as “digital divide”.

Wireless DSL (WDSL) offers an effective, complementary solution to wireline DSL, allowing DSL operators to provide broadband service to additional areas and populations that would otherwise find themselves outside the broadband loop. Government regulatory bodies are realizing the inherent worth in wireless technologies as a means for solving digital-divide challenges in the last mile and have accordingly initiated a deregulation process in recent years for both licensed and unlicensed bands to support this application. Recent technological advancements and the formation of a global standard and interoperability forum – WiMAX, set the stage for WDSL to take a significant role in the broadband market. Revenues from services delivered via Broadband Wireless Access have already reached $323 million and are expected to jump to $1.75 billion.

INTRODUCTION

There are several ways to get a fast Internet connection to the middle of nowhere. Until not too long ago, the only answer would have been “cable” — that is, laying lines. Cable TV companies, who would be the ones to do this, had been weighing the costs and benefits. However this would have taken years for the investment to pay off. So while cable companies might be leading the market for broadband access to most people (of the 41% of Americans who have high-speed Internet access, almost two-thirds get it from their cable company), they don’t do as well to rural areas. And governments that try to require cable companies to lay the wires find themselves battling to force the companies to take new customers.

Would DSL be a means of achieving this requisite of broadband and bridging the digital divide?

The lines are already there, but the equipment wasn’t always the latest and greatest, even then. Sending voice was not a matter of big concern, but upgrading the system to handle DSL would mean upgrading the central offices that would have to handle the data coming from all those farms.The most rattling affair is that there are plenty of places in cities that can’t handle DSL, let alone the country side. Despite this, we’ll still read about new projects to lay cable out to smaller communities, either by phone companies, cable companies, or someone else. Is this a waste of money? Probably because cables are on their way out. Another way to get broadband to rural communities is the way many folks get their TV: satellite, which offers download speeds of about 500 Kbps —faster than a modem, but at best half as fast as DSL — through a satellite dish. But you really, really have to want it. The system costs $600 to start, then $60 a month by the services provided by DIRECWAY in the US.There are other wireless ways to get broadband access

MCI (”Microwave Communications Inc.”) was originally formed to compete with AT & T by using microwave towers to transmit voice signals across the US. Unlike a radio (or a Wi-Fi connection), those towers send the signal in a straight line —unidirectional instead of omni directional. That’s sometimes called fixed wireless or point-to-point wireless. One popular standard for this is called LMDS: local multipoint distribution system. Two buildings up to several miles apart would have microwave antennas pointing at each other. One (in, say, the urban area) would be connected to the Internet in the usual way, via some kind of wire; the other (in the rural area you want to connect) would send and receive data over the microwave link, and then be connected to homes and farms via cables. Those cables would be much shorter and less expensive, with the bulk of the transmission being done through the ether.

WiMAX

WiMax delivers broadband to a large area via towers, just like cell phones. This enables your laptop to have high-speed access in any of the hot spots. Instead of yet another cable coming to your home, there would be yet another antenna on the cell-phone tower. This is definitely a point towards broadband service in rural areas. First get the signal to the area, either with a single cable (instead of one to each user) or via a point-to-point wireless system. Then put up a tower or two, and the whole area is online. This saves the trouble of digging lots of trenches, or of putting up wires that are prone to storm damage.

However there is one promising technology that still uses cables to deliver a broadband signal to, well, wherever. It doesn’t require laying any new wires (like cable Internet), and it doesn’t require overhauling a lot of existing systems (like DSL).It’s BPL: (broadband over power lines). As the name suggests, it piggybacks a high speed data signal on those ubiquitous power lines. Those aren’t the low-voltage ones that come to your house, but the medium-voltages ones that travel from neighborhood to neighborhood. The signal, like those power lines, can travel a long way thanks to “regenerators” that not only pass the data along, but clean the signal so it doesn’t degrade over distance. That means the signal can travel as long as the lines do. Those regenerators can also include Wi-Fi antennas, so if you space them properly they can be placed near homes and farms and whatnot. You can also connect a cable to one to take the signal to the door if you don’t feel like going the W-Fi way.

However there have been certain hiccups in the case of BPL. Unlike some early (and ongoing) attempts to do Internet through power lines, BPL doesn’t go into individual homes. That’s because in order to do so, the signal would have to make its way through a transformer and through a circuit-breaker box, both of which play havoc with it. The result is that the data get through, but much more slowly than leaving the power line before the transformer.Combine BPL with Wi-Fi, WiMAX, or even (short) cables, and we have an inexpensive way to get the power of the Internet down on the farm using the power of power.WiMAX is revolutionizing the broadband wireless world, enabling the formation of a global mass-market wireless industry. Putting the WiMAX revolution in the bigger context of the broadband industry, this paper portrays the recent acceleration stage of the Broadband Wireless Access market, determined by the need for broadband connectivity.

Download Full Seminar Report On Wi-Max.doc

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses the basic concepts and current state of development of EUV lithography (EUVL), a relatively new form of lithography that uses extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 14 nanometers (nm) to carry out projection imaging. Currently, and for the last several decades, optical projection lithography has been the lithographic technique used in the high-volume manufacture of integrated circuits. It is widely anticipated that improvements in this technology will allow it to remain the semiconductor industry’s workhorse through the 100 nm generation of devices. However, some time around the year 2008, so-called Next-Generation Lithographys will be required. EUVL is one such technology vying to become the successor to optical lithography. This paper provides an overview of the capabilities of EUVL, and explains how EUVL might be implemented. The challenges that must be overcome in order for EUVL to qualify for high-volume manufacture are also discussed.

INTRODUCTION

Microprocessors, also called computer chips, are made using a process called lithography. Specifically, deep-ultraviolet lithography is used to make the current breed of microchips and was most likely used to make the chip that is inside your computer.

Lithography is akin to photography in that it uses light to transfer images onto a substrate. Silicon is the traditional substrate used in chip making. To create the integrated circuit design that’s on a microprocessor, light is directed onto a mask. A mask is like a stencil of the circuit pattern. The light shines through the mask and then through a series of optical lenses that shrink the image down. This small image is then projected onto a silicon, or semiconductor, wafer. The wafer is covered with a light-sensitive, liquid plastic called photoresist.The mask is placed over the wafer, and when light shines through the mask and hits the silicon wafer, it hardens the photoresist that isn’t covered by the mask. The photoresist that is not exposed to light remains somewhat gooey and is chemically washed away, leaving only the hardened photoresist and exposed silicon wafer. The key to creating more powerful microprocessors is the size of the light’s wavelength. The shorter the wavelength, the more transistors can be etched onto the silicon wafer. More transistors equal a more powerful, faster microprocessor.

DUVL uses a wavelength of 240 nanometers As chipmakers reduce to smaller wavelengths, they will need a new chip making technology. The problem posed by using deep-ultraviolet lithography is that as the light’s wavelengths get smaller, the light gets absorbed by the glass lenses that are intended to focus it. The result is that the light doesn’t make it to the silicon, so no circuit pattern is created on the wafer. This is where EUVL will take over. In EUVL, glass lenses will be replaced by mirrors to focus light and thus EUV lithography can make use of smaller wave lengths. Hence more and more transistors can be packed into the chip. The result is that using EUVL, we can make chips that are upto 100 times faster than today’s chips with similar increase in storage capacity.

Download Full Seminar Report On EUVL.doc

Techalone.com contains the Seminars Paper Presentation Topics from the different Engineering Branches like the Mechanical Seminar Topics, Electrical Seminar Topics, Electronics Seminar Topics, Civil Engineering Seminar Topics, Computer Seminar Topics, IT Seminar Topics, Chemical Engineering Seminar Topics, Instrumentation Engineering Seminar Topics, Communication Engineering Seminar Topics, etc… This Seminar Topics Website will also discuss with the other Technical Topics like the Engineering Project Topics, New Technology and also the other latest Technical Topics, Latest Technology news and the Technical related news. This Technical Seminar Topics Website has a subsidiary Website called Techalone.blogspot.com. This Website is also discussing with the latest seminar topics and all the other Technical Topics. And also we are looking for the suggestions and comments for our Online Seminar Portal.