ABSTRACT

The Remote Media Immersion (RMI) system is the result of a unique blend of multiple cutting-edge media technologies to create the ultimate digital media delivery platform. The main goal is to provide an immersive user experience of the highest quality. RMI encompasses all end-to-end aspects from media acquisition, storage, transmission up to their final rendering. Specifically, the Yima streaming media server delivers multiple high bandwidth streams, transmission error and flow control protocols ensure data integrity, and high-definition video combined with immersive audio provide highest quality rendering. The RMI system is operational and has been successfully demonstrated in small and large venues. Relying on the continued advances in electronics integration and residential broadband improvement, RMI demonstrates the future of on-demand home entertainment.

INTRODUCTION

The charter of the Integrated Media Systems Center (IMSC) at the University of Southern California (USC) is to investigate new methods and technologies that combine multiple modalities into highly effective, immersive technologies, applications and environments. One of the results of these research efforts is the Remote Media Immersion (RMI) system. The goal of the RMI is to create and develop a complete aural and visual environment that places a participant or group of participants in a virtual space where they can experience events that occurred in different physical locations. RMI technology can effectively overcome the barriers of time and space to enable, on demand, the realistic recreation of visual and aural cues recorded in widely separated locations.

The focus of the RMI effort is to enable the most realistic recreation of an event possible while streaming the data over the Internet. Therefore, we push the technological boundaries much beyond what current video-on-demand or streaming media systems can deliver. As a consequence, high-end rendering equipment and significant transmission bandwidth are required. The RMI project integrates several technologies that are the result of research efforts at IMSC. The current operational version is based on four major components that are responsible for the acquisition, storage, transmission, and rendering of high quality media.

STAGES OF RMI

Acquisition of high-quality media streams

This authoring component is an important part of the overall chain to ensure the high quality of the rendering result as experienced by users at a later time. As the saying “garbage in, garbage out” implies, no amount of quality control in later stages of the delivery chain can make up for poorly acquired media.

Real-time digital storage and playback of multiple independent streams

Yima Scalable Streaming Media Architecture provides real-time storage, retrieval and transmission capabilities. The Yima server is based on a scalable cluster design. Each cluster node is an off-the-shelf personal computer with attached storage devices and, for example, a Fast or Gigabit Ethernet connection. The Yima server software manages the storage and network resources to provide real-time service to the multiple clients that are requesting media streams. Media types include, but are not limited to, MPEG-2 at NTSC and HDTV resolutions, multichannel audio (e.g., 10.2 channel immersive audio), and MPEG-4

Protocols for synchronized, efficient real time transmission of multiple media streams

A selective data retransmission scheme improves playback quality while maintaining realtime properties. A flow control component reduces network traffic variability and enables streams of various characteristics to be synchronized at the rendering location. Industry standard networking protocols such as Real-Time Protocol (RTP) and Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) provide compatibility with commercial systems.

Rendering of immersive audio and high resolution video

Immersive audio is a technique developed at IMSC for capturing the audio environment at a remote site and accurately reproducing the complete audio sensation and ambience at the client location with full fidelity, dynamic range and directionality for a group of listeners (16 channels of uncompressed linear PCM at a data rate of up to 17.6Mb/s). The RMI video is rendered in HDTV resolutions (1080i or 720p format) and transmitted at a rate of up to 45 Mb/s.

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INTRODUCTION

Since the fabrication of MOSFET, the minimum channel length has been shrinking continuously. The motivation behind this decrease has been an increasing interest in high speed devices and in very large scale integrated circuits. The sustained scaling of conventional bulk device requires innovations to circumvent the barriers of fundamental physics constraining the conventional MOSFET device structure. The limits most often cited are control of the density and location of dopants providing high I on /I off ratio and finite subthreshold slope and quantum-mechanical tunneling of carriers through thin gate from drain to source and from drain to body. The channel depletion width must scale with the channel length to contain the off-state leakage I off. This leads to high doping concentration, which degrade the carrier mobility and causes junction edge leakage due to tunneling. Furthermore, the dopant profile control, in terms of depth and steepness, becomes much more difficult. The gate oxide thickness tox must also scale with the channel length to maintain gate control, proper threshold voltage VT and performance. The thinning of the gate dielectric results in gate tunneling leakage, degrading the circuit performance, power and noise margin.

Alternative device structures based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology have emerged as an effective means of extending MOS scaling beyond bulk limits for mainstream high-performance or low-power applications .Partially depleted (PD) SOI was the first SOI technology introduced for high-performance microprocessor applications. The ultra-thin-body fully depleted (FD) SOI and the non-planar FinFET device structures promise to be the potential “future” technology/device choices.

In these device structures, the short-channel effect is controlled by geometry, and the off-state leakage is limited by the thin Si film. For effective suppression of the off-state leakage, the thickness of the Si film must be less than one quarter of the channel length. The desired VT is achieved by manipulating the gate work function, such as the use of midgap material or poly-SiGe. Concurrently, material enhancements, such as the use of a) high-k gate material and b) strained Si channel for mobility and current drive improvement, have been actively pursued.

As scaling approaches multiple physical limits and as new device structures and materials are introduced, unique and new circuit design issues continue to be presented. In this article, we review the design challenges of these emerging technologies with particular emphasis on the implications and impacts of individual device scaling elements and unique device structures on the circuit design. We focus on the planar device structures, from continuous scaling of PD SOI to FD SOI, and new materials such as strained-Si channel and high-k gate dielectric.

PARTIALLY DEPLETED [PD] SOI

The PD floating-body MOSFET was the first SOI transistor generically adopted for high-performance applications, primarily due to device and processing similarities to bulk CMOS device.

The PD SOI device is largely identical to the bulk device, except for the addition of a buried oxide (“BOX”) layer. The active Si film thickness is larger than the channel depletion width, thus leaving a quasi-neutral “floating” body region underneath the channel. The V T of the device is completely decoupled from the Si film thickness, and the doping profiles can be tailored for any desired VT .

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ABSTRACT

The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a new non-voice value added service that allows information to be sent and received across a mobile telephone network. It supplements today’s Circuit Switched Data and Short Message Service. GPRS is NOT related to GPS (the Global Positioning System), a similar acronym that is often used in mobile contexts. GPRS has several unique features which can be summarized as:

SPEED: Theoretical maximum speeds of up to 171.2 kilobits per second (kbps) are achievable with GPRS using all eight timeslots at the same time. This is about three times as fast as the data transmission speeds possible over today’s fixed telecommunications networks and ten times as fast as current Circuit Switched Data services on GSM networks.

IMMEDIACY: GPRS facilitates instant connections whereby information can be sent or received immediately as the need arises, subject to radio coverage. No dial-up modem connection is necessary. This is why GPRS users are sometimes referred to be as being “always connected”.

NEW APPLICATIONS, BETTER APPLICATIONS: GPRS facilitates several new applications that have not previously been available over GSM networks due to the limitations in speed of Circuit Switched Data (9.6 kbps) and message length of the Short Message Service (160 characters). GPRS will fully enable the Internet applications you are used to on your desktop from web browsing to chat over the mobile network.

INTRODUCTION

The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a new service that provides actual packet radio access for Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) users. It provides for the transmission of IP packets over existing cellular networks, bringing the Internet to the mobile phone. Anything the Internet offers, from web browsing to chat and email, will be available from GSM and TDMA service providers via GPRS-enabled devices..

The main benefits of GPRS are that it reserves radio resources only when there is data to send and it reduces reliance on traditional circuit-switched network elements. The increased functionality of GPRS will decrease the incremental cost to provide data services, an occurrence that will, in turn, increase the penetration of data services among consumer and business users. In addition, GPRS will allow improved quality of data services as measured in terms of reliability, response time, and features supported. The unique applications that will be developed with GPRS will appeal to a broad base of mobile subscribers and allow operators to differentiate their services. These new services will increase capacity requirements on the radio and base-station subsystem resources. One method GPRS uses to alleviate the capacity impacts is sharing the same radio resource among all mobile stations in a cell, providing effective use of the scarce resources. In addition, new core network elements will be deployed to support the increased use of data services more efficiently.

In addition to providing new services for today’s mobile user, GPRS is important as a migration step toward third-generation (3G) networks. GPRS will allow network operators to implement an IP-based core architecture for data applications, which will continue to be used and expanded upon for 3G services for integrated voice and data applications. In addition, GPRS will prove a testing and development area for new services and applications, which will also be used in the development of 3G services.

GPRS is a non-voice, value added, packet-switched, mobile communication system. GPRS is implemented over the existing GSM network. So it shares GSM frequency bands and makes use of many properties of physical layer of the original GSM system, most importantly time-division multiple access frame structure, modulation techniques, and structure of GSM time slots.

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ABSTRACT

Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) are used to deliver high-rate digital data over existing ordinary phone-lines. A new modulation technology called Discrete Multitone (DMT) allows the transmission of high speed data. DSL facilitates the simultaneous use of normal telephone services, ISDN, and high speed data transmission, e.g., video. DMT-based DSL can be seen as the transition from existing copper-lines to the future fiber-cables. This makes DSL economically interesting for the local telephone companies. They can offer customers high speed data services even before switching to fiber-optics.

DSL is a newly standardized transmission technology facilitating simultaneous use of normal telephone services, data transmission of 6 M bit/s in the downstream and Basic-rate Access (BRA). DSL can be seen as a FDM system in which the available bandwidth of a single copper-loop is divided into three parts. The base band occupied by POTS is split from the data channels by using a method which guarantees POTS services in the case of ADSL-system failure (e.g. passive filters).

INTRODUCTION

The past decade has seen extensive growth of the telecommunications industry, with the increased popularity of the Internet and other data communication services. While offering the world many more services than were previously available, they are limited by the fact that they are being used on technology that was not designed for that purpose..

The majority of Internet users access their service via modems connects to the Plain Old Telephone System (POTS). In the early stages of the technology, modems were extremely slow by today’s standards, but this was not a major issue. A POTS connection provided an adequate medium for the relatively small amounts of data that required transmission, and so was the existing system was the logical choice over special cabling.

Technological advances have seen these rates increase up to a point where the average Internet user can now download at rates approaching 50Kbps, and send at 33.6Kps. However, POTS was designed for voice transmission, at frequencies below 3kHz, and this severely limits the obtainable data rates of the system. To increase performance of new online services, such as steaming audio and video, and improve general access speed, the bandwidth hungry public must therefore consider other alternatives. Technologies, such as ISDN or cable connections, have been in development for sometime but require special cabling. This makes them expensive to set up, and therefore have not been a viable alternative for most people.

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ABSTRACT

Brain fingerprinting is based on finding that the brain generates a unique brain wave pattern when a person encounters a familiar stimulus Use of functional magnetic resonance imaging in lie detection derives from studies suggesting that persons asked to lie show different patterns of brain activity than they do when being truthful. Issues related to the use of such evidence in courts are discussed. The author concludes that neither approach is currently supported by enough data regarding its accuracy in detecting deception to warrant use in court.

In the field of criminology, a new lie detector has been developed in the United States of America. This is called “brain fingerprinting”. This invention is supposed to be the best lie detector available as on date and is said to detect even smooth criminals who pass the polygraph test (the conventional lie detector test) with ease. The new method employs brain waves, which are useful in detecting whether the person subjected to the test, remembers finer details of the crime. Even if the person willingly suppresses the necessary information, the brain wave is sure to trap him, according to the experts, who are very excited about the new kid on the block.

INTRODUCTION

Brain Fingerprinting is a controversial proposed investigative technique that measures recognition of familiar stimuli by measuring electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases, or pictures that are presented on a computer screen. Brain fingerprinting was invented by Lawrence Farwell. The theory is that the suspect’s reaction to the details of an event or activity will reflect if the suspect had prior knowledge of the event or activity. This test uses what Farwell calls the MERMER (“Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted Electroencephalographic Response”) response to detect familiarity reaction. One of the applications is lie detection. Dr. Lawrence A. Farwell has invented, developed, proven, and patented the technique of Farwell Brain Fingerprinting, a new computer-based technology to identify the perpetrator of a crime accurately and scientifically by measuring brain-wave responses to crime-relevant words or pictures presented on a computer screen. Farwell Brain Fingerprinting has proven 100% accurate in over 120 tests, including tests on FBI agents, tests for a US intelligence agency and for the US Navy, and tests on real-life situations including actual crimes..

What is Brain Fingerprinting?

Brain Fingerprinting is designed to determine whether an individual recognizes specific information related to an event or activity by measuring electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases, or pictures presented on a computer screen. The technique can be applied only in situations where investigators have a sufficient amount of specific information about an event or activity that would be known only to the perpetrator and investigator. In this respect, Brain Fingerprinting is considered a type of Guilty Knowledge Test, where the “guilty” party is expected to react strongly to the relevant detail of the event of activity.

Existing (polygraph) procedures for assessing the validity of a suspect’s “guilty” knowledge rely on measurement of autonomic arousal (e.g., palm sweating and heart rate), while Brain Fingerprinting measures electrical brain activity via a fitted headband containing special sensors. Brain Fingerprinting is said to be more accurate in detecting “guilty” knowledge distinct from the false positives of traditional polygraph methods, but this is hotly disputed by specialized researchers.

Technique:

The person to be tested wears a special headband with electronic sensors that measure the electroencephalography from several locations on the scalp. In order to calibrate the brain fingerprinting system, the testee is presented with a series of irrelevant stimuli, words, and pictures, and a series of relevant stimuli, words, and pictures. The test subject’s brain response to these two different types of stimuli allow the testor to determine if the measured brain responses to test stimuli, called probes, are more similar to the relevant or irrelevant responses.

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ABSTRACT

Reducing interference in a cellular system is the most effective approach to increasing radio capacity and transmission data rate in the wireless environment. Therefore, reducing interference is a difficult and important challenge in wireless communications. In every two-way communication system it is necessary to use separate channels to transmit information in each direction. This is called duplexing. Currently there exist only two duplexing technologies in wireless communications, Frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD). FDD has been the primary technology used in the first three generations of mobile wireless because of its ability to isolate interference. TDD is seemingly a more spectral efficient technology but has found limited use because of interference and coverage problems.

Code-division duplexing (CDD) is an innovative solution that can eliminate all kinds of interference. CDMA is the best multiple access scheme when compared to all others for combating interference. However, the codes in CDMA can be more than one type of code. A set of smart codes can make a high-capacity CDMA system very effective without adding other technologies. The smart code plus TDD is called CDD. This paper will elaborate on a set of smart codes that will make an efficient CDD system a reality. The CDMA system based on this is known as the LAS-CDMA, where LAS is a set of smart codes. LAS-CDMA is a new coding technology that will increase the capacity and spectral efficiency of mobile networks. The advanced technology uses a set of smart codes to restrict interference, a property that adversely affects the efficiency of CDMA networks.

INTRODUCTION

To utilize spectrum efficiently, two transmission techniques need to be considered: one is a multiple access scheme and the other a duplexing system. There are three multiple access schemes namely TDMA, FDMA and CDMA. The industry has already established the best multiple access scheme, code-division multiple access (CDMA), for 3G systems. The next step is to select the best duplexing system. Duplexing systems are used for two-way communications. Presently, there are only two duplexing systems used: frequency-division duplexing (FDD), and time-division duplexing (TDD). The former uses different frequencies to handle incoming and outgoing signals. The latter uses a single frequency but different time slots to handle incoming and outgoing signals.

In the current cellular duplexing systems, FDD has been the appropriate choice, not TDD. Currently, all cellular systems use frequency-division duplexing in an attempt to eliminate interference from adjacent cells. The use of many technologies has limited the effects of interference but still certain types of interference remain. Time-division duplexing has not been used for mobile cellular systems because it is even more susceptible to different forms of interference. TDD can only be used for small confined area systems..

Code-division duplexing is an innovative solution that can eliminate all kinds of interference. Eliminating all types of interference makes CDD the most spectrum efficient duplexing system.

CDMA overview :: Interference and Capacity

One of the key criteria in evaluating a communication system is its spectral efficiency, or the system capacity, for a given system bandwidth, or sometimes, the total data rate supported by the system. For a given bandwidth, the system capacity for narrow band radio systems is dimension limited, while the system capacity of a traditional CDMA system is interference limited. Traditional CDMA systems are all self-interference system. Three types of interference are usually considered. By ISI we mean InterSymbol Interference, which is created by the multi-path replica of the useful signal itself; MAI, or Mutual Access Interference, which is the interference created by the signals and their multi-path replica from the other users onto the useful signal; and ACI, or Adjacent Cell Interference, which is all the interfering signals from the adjacent cells onto the useful signal. .

Traditional synchronous CDMA systems employ almost exclusively Walsh-Hadamard orthogonal codes, jointly with PN sequence, and Gold codes, Kasami codes, etc. In these systems, due to the difficulty in timing synchronization and the large cross-correlation values around the origin, there exists a “near far” effect, such that in some typical system, fast power control has to be employed in order to keep an uniform received signal level at the base station. On the other hand, in forward channel all the signals’ power must be kept at an uniform level. Since the transmitting power of a user would interfere others and even may interfere itself, if one of the users in the system increases its power unilaterally, all other users power should be simultaneously increased; otherwise the controlled system power regime will be destroyed, and the capacity would be drastically decreased. This is because any radio channel, especially mobile channel, is a random time-varying time dispersion channel due to the multi-path effect, so that the received signal can not be reached at the receiver simultaneously.

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ABSTRACT

The term “Computer Network” to mean a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single technology .By this interconnection they are able to exchange information. Local Area Networks are privately owned networks within a single building or campus of few kilometers in size. In a traditional LAN we are connecting computers to the network through cables. But the wireless local area network (WLAN) is a flexible data communications system that can use either infrared or radio frequency technology to transmit and receive information over the air. Here each computer has a radio Modem and Antenna with which it can communicate with other systems. One important advantage of WLAN is the simplicity of its installation. Installing a wireless LAN system is easy and can eliminate the needs to pull cable through walls and ceilings. WLANs allow greater flexibility and portability than do traditional wired local area networks (LAN). 802.11 was implemented as the first WLAN standard. It is based on radio technology operating in the 2.4 GHz frequency and has a maximum throughput of 1 to 2 Mbps.

Unfortunately, wireless networking is a double-edged sword. WLANs use electromagnetic waves to transmit information, the radio waves can easily penetrate outside the building, it’s a risk that the network can be hacked from the parking lot or the street. So it’s very important to put enough attention on the WLANs security aspects. With wireless networking, there is no physical security. The radio waves that make wireless networking possible are also what make wireless networking so dangerous. An attacker can be anywhere nearby listening to all the traffic from the network. By properly engineering and using your wireless network, we can keep attackers at bay.

INTRODUCTION

Condition based monitoring has, in the past, been referred to as an art, when quite clearly it is a science, and despites the cost of machine, surprisingly little attention has been devoted to this science from the viewpoint of understanding and modeling failure mechanisms and the study of probability to failure. Predictive maintenance technique has now become common exercises as they maximize the machine availability time and minimize the cost of maintenance, since the machine can be stopped just before as impending problem in an other wise healthy machine

The term “wireless “reflects any means of communication that occurs without wires. The wireless is also called unguided media, i.e. wireless provide a means for transmitting electromagnetic waves but not guided them. Wireless technology in simplest sense enables one or more devices to communicate with out any physical connection, without requiring network of peripheral cabling.

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ABSTRACT

Rapid change is under way on sever fronts I medicine and surgery. Advance in computing power have enable continued growth in virtual reality, visualization, and simulation technologies. The ideal learning opportunities afforded by simulated and virtual environments have prompted their exploration as learning modalities for surgical education and training. Ongoing improvements in this technology suggest an important future role for virtual reality and simulation in medicine.

INTRODUCTION

Rapid change in most segments of the society is occurring as a result of increasingly more sophisticated, affordable and ubiquitous computing power. One clear example of this change process is the internet, which provides interactive and instantaneous access to information that must scarcely conceivable only a few years ago.

Same is the case in the medical field. Adv in instrumentation, visualisation and monitoring have enabled continual growth in the medical field. The information revolution has enabled fundamental changes in this field. Of the many disciplines arising from this new information era, virtual reality holds the greatest promise. The term virtual reality was coined by Jaron Lanier, founded of VPL research, in the late 1980’s. Virtual reality is defined as human computer interface that simulate realistic environments while enabling participant interaction, as a 3D digital world that accurately models actual environment, or simply as cyberspace..

Virtual reality is just beginning to come to that threshold level where we can begin using Simulators in Medicine the way that the Aviation industry has been using it for the past 50 Years — to avoid errors.

In surgery, the life of the patient is of utmost importance and surgeon cannot experiment on the patient body. VR provide a good tool to experiment the various complications arise during surgery…

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INTRODUCTION

Do viruses and all the other nasties in cyberspace matter? Do they really do much harm? Imagine that no one has updated your anti-virus software for a few months. When they do, you find that your accounts spreadsheets are infected with a new virus that changes figures at random. Naturally you keep backups. But you might have been backing up infected files for months. How do you know which figures to trust? Now imagine that a new email virus has been released. Your company is receiving so many emails that you decide to shut down your email gateway altogether and miss an urgent order from a big customer. Imagine that a friend emails you some files he found on the Internet. You open them and trigger a virus that mails confidential documents to everyone in your address book including your competitors. Finally, imagine that you accidentally send another company, a report that carries a virus. Will they feel safe to do business with you again? Today new viruses sweep the planet in hours and virus scares are major news.

A computer virus is a computer program that can spread across computers and networks by making copies of itself, usually without the user’s knowledge. Viruses can have harmful side effects. These can range from displaying irritating messages to deleting all the files on your computer. A virus program has to be run before it can infect your computer. Viruses have ways of making sure that this happens. They can attach themselves to other programs or hide in code that is run automatically when you open certain types of files. The virus can copy itself to other files or disks and make changes on your computer. Virus side effects, often called the payload, are the aspect of most interest to users. Password-protecting the documents on a particular day, mailing information about the user and machine to an address somewhere are some of the harmful side effects of viruses. Various kinds of viruses include macro virus, parasitic or file virus, Boot virus.Particular code used in the WebPages and the security measures taken by service providers and by you. One solution to prevent the viruses is anti-virus softwares. Anti-virus software can detect viruses, prevent access to infected files and often eliminate the infection.

Computer viruses are starting to affect mobile phones too. The virus is rare and is unlikely to cause much damage. Anti-virus experts expect that as mobile phones become more sophisticated they will be targeted by virus writers. Some firms are already working on anti-virus software for mobile phones. VBS/Timo-A, Love Bug,Timofonica,CABIR,aka ACE-? and UNAVAILABLE are some of the viruses that affect the mobile phones

What is a virus?

A computer virus is a computer program that can spread across computers and networks by making copies of itself, usually without the user’s knowledge. Viruses can have harmful side-effects. These can range from displaying irritating messages to deleting all the files on your computer.

Evolution of virus

In the mid-1980s Basit and Amjad Alvi of Lahore, Pakistan discovered that people were pirating their software. They responded by writing the first computer virus, a program that would put a copy of itself and a copyright message on any floppy disk copies their customers made. From these simple beginnings, an entire virus counter-culture has emerged. Today new viruses sweep the planet in hours and virus scares are major news..

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ABSTRACT

Real-time systems play a considerable role in our society, and they cover a spectrum from the very simple to the very complex. Examples of current real-time systems include the control of domestic appliances like washing machines and televisions, the control of automobile engines, telecommunication switching systems, military command and control systems, industrial process control, flight control systems, and space shuttle and aircraft avionics.

All of these involve gathering data from the environment, processing of gathered data, and providing timely response. A concept of time is the distinguishing issue between real-time and non-real-time systems. When a usual design goal for non-real-time systems is to maximize system’s throughput, the goal for real-time system design is to guarantee, that all tasks are processed within a given time. The taxonomy of time introduces special aspects for real-time system research. Real-time operating systems are an integral part of real-time systems. Future systems will be much larger, more widely distributed, and will be expected to perform a constantly changing set of duties in dynamic environments. This also sets more requirements for future real-time operating systems. This seminar has the humble aim to convey the main ideas on Real Time System and Real Time Operating System design and implementation.

INTRODUCTION

Timeliness is the single most important aspect of a real -time system. These systems respond to a series of external inputs, which arrive in an unpredictable fashion. The real-time systems process these inputs, take appropriate decisions and also generate output necessary to control the peripherals connected to them. As defined by Donald Gillies “A real-time system is one in which the correctness of the computations not only depends upon the logical correctness of the computation but also upon the time in which the result is produced. If the timing constraints are not met, system failure is said to have occurred.”

It is essential that the timing constraints of the system are guaranteed to be met. Guaranteeing timing behavior requires that the system be predictable. The design of a real -time system must specify the timing requirements of the system and ensure that the system performance is both correct and timely. There are three types of time constraints:

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