This book mainly includes fiber optics and laser techniques, digital electronics, nuclear fusion, wave optics and wave theory of light and also the lasers including types and applications of lasers and more. This book also included detailed review of logic gates and Boolean algebra with the digital electronics.This is not only a text book for reference and readings but also have many examples with solutions and exercise sets for self-study and practice. This text can be used for any test related to the fundamentals and modern applications of physics and also for the engineering students for their semester examinations. This text is capable of solving students’ doubts and also helps to take special interests in academic project level as well as general studies.

Fundamental physics is combined with modern applications, engineering skills and problem solving. Mainly the engineering physics is published for the electronics and communication engineering students, applied science or applied electronics students for projects and research purpose in addition to their studies. This text is also a good reference for teachers as well as entrepreneurial engineering.

Main features of the text are discussed below

• Designed for students and practicing engineers as a text or reference.

• It includes detailed information on modern theory and industrial applications.

• More topics such as fiber optics, laser techniques, holograms, digital electronics, nuclear fusion, wave optics and optical theories and more.

• Detailed review of logic gates and Boolean algebra.

• Practice questions, more exercise with solutions.

Table of Contents

Quantum Physics

Overview     1
Wave and Particle Duality of Radiation     2
Wave Particle Duality of Matter     3
De Broglie’s Hypothesis     4
De Broglie Wavelength     5
De Broglie’s Wavelength Associated with Electrons     6
Properties of Matter Waves     6
Experimental Verification of De Broglie Hypothesis     8
The Development of Quantum Theory     12
Wave Packet     13
Schrodinger Wave Mechanics     14
The Motion Equation of Matter Waves     14
Wave Velocity and Group Velocity     17
The Uncertainty Principle     24
Experimental Illustrations of the Uncertainty Principle     26
Interpretation of the Uncertainty Principle     29
X Ray Spectrum     30
X Ray Absorption and Absorption Coefficient     35
Moseley’s Law     37
Interaction of X Rays with Matter     39
X Ray Diffraction     43
Bragg’s Law     44
Compton’s Effect     50

Electron Optics

Overview     59
Electron Refraction-Bethe’s Law     60
Electrostatic Lenses     62
Electron Gun     64
The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)     67
Limitation of Electrostatic Deflection     72
Electromagnetic Deflection Type CRT     72
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)     74
Bainbridge Mass Spectrograph     86
Electron Microscopes     90

Geometrical Optics

Cardinal Points of an Optical System     97
Eye-pieces     105
Huygens’ Eye-Piece     106
Ramsden’s Eye-Piece     113
Aberrations or Lens Defects     119
Achromatism of Lenses     125

Wave Theory of Light

Overview     153
Huygens’ Principle of Wave Propagation     154
Interference of Light     155
Young’s Experiment     156
Explanation of Wave Theory     156
Analytical Treatment of Interference     157
Coherent Sources     162
Condition for Sustained Interference of Light     163
Types of Interference     164
Division of Wavefront     164
Fresnel’s Biprism     172
Change of Phase on Reflection     185
Division of Amplitude-Interference in Thin films     187
Necessity of an Extended Source     197
Newton’s Rings     198
Newton’s Rings by Transmitted Light     203
Determination of the Wavelength of Sodium Light Using Newton’s Rings     204
Determination of Refractive Index of a Liquid     205
Haidinger’s Fringes: Fringes of Equal Inclination     209
The Michelson Interferometer     210

Diffraction of Light

Overview     223
Fresnel’s Diffraction     224
Diffraction at a Straight Edge     224
Explanation of Diffraction Fringes in the Illuminated Region     225
Intensity at the Edge of the Geometrical Shadow     228
Fresnel and Fraunhoffer Diffraction     230
Fraunhoffer Diffraction At a Single Slit     233
Plane Diffraction Grating (Diffraction at N parallel Slits)     239
Width of the Principal Maxima     243
The Formation of Multiple Spectra with Grating     245
The Difference between Prism and Grating Spectra     253
The Difference Between Interference and Diffraction     253
The Resolving Power of an Optical Instrument     254
The Rayleigh Criterion for the Limit of Resolution      254
The Difference Between the Dispersive Power and the Resolving Power of a Grating     257
The Resolving Power of a Prism     261
The Resolving Power of a Telescope     265
The Resolving Power of a Microscope     269

Polarization of Light

Overview     277
Polarization of Light Waves     277
Polarization     279
Brewster’s Law     282
Doubly Refracting Crystals     287
Double Refraction     289
Nicol Prism     290
Huygens’ Theory of Double Refraction     293
Elliptically and Circularly Polarized Light     294
Quarter Wave Plate     298
Half Wave Plate     299
Production of Circularly and Elliptically Polarized Light     303

Nuclear Structure and Nuclear Forces

Overview     309
Proton-Neutron Theory of Nuclear Composition     310
Static Properties of a Nucleus     310
The Atomic Mass Unit and Mass Energy Equivalence     312
The Mass Defect and Packing Fraction     313
The Mass Difference and Nuclear Binding Energy     315
Nuclear Forces     317
Nuclear Models      319
The Semi-Empirical Mass Formula     324
The Particle Accelerator     325
Linear Particle Accelerators     327
The Lawrence Cyclotron     328
The Synchrocyclotron or Frequency Modulated Cyclotron     333
The Betatron Device     335
The Proton Synchrotron     339
Nuclear Reaction     340
Nuclear Reaction Cross-Section     341
Nuclear Fission     344
Chain Reaction     347
Nuclear Reactors     350
Nuclear Fusion     355
The Geiger-Muller Counter     356
Mass Spectrographs     359
Cosmic Rays     364

Number Systems Used in Digital Electronics

Overview     373
The Decimal Number System     374
The Binary System     375
The Binary to Decimal Conversion     376
Binary Fractions     377
The Double-Dadd Method     378
The Decimal to Binary Conversion     379
Shifting the Place Point     380
Binary Operations     381
Binary Addition     381
Binary Subtraction     383
The Complement of a Number      385
1′s Complement Subtraction     385
2′s Complemental Subtraction     387
Binary Multiplication     387
Binary Division     389
Shifting a Number to the Left or Right     390
Representation of Binary Numbers as Electrical Signals     391
The Octal Number System     392
Octal to Decimal Conversion     393
Decimal to Octal Conversion     393
Binary to Octal Conversion     394
Octal to Binary Conversion     395
Advantages of the Octal Number System     396
The Hexadecimal Number System     396
How to Count Beyond F in the Hex Number System     396
Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion     397
Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion     398
Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion     398
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion     398

Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra

Logic Gates     405
Boolean Algebra     437
The Unique Feature of Boolean Algebra     437
Laws of Boolean Algebra     438
Equivalent Switching Circuits     440
De Morgan’s Theorem     442

Dielectrics

Overview      457
Dielectrics     457
Dielectric Constant     458
Energy Stored in a Capacitor     461
Induced Charge     461
Polarization     463
Field Vectors     465
Induced Dipoles     466
Permanent Dipoles     468
Polarization-An Atomic View     471
Types of Polarization     472
Electronic Polarization     472
Ionic Polarization     473
Orientation Polarization     474
Total Polarization     475
The Clausius-Mositti Equation     479
Dielectric Loss     482
Loss Angle and Loss Tangent     483
Complex Relative Permittivity     485

Lasers

Overview     493
Interaction of Radiation with Matter-Quantum Mechanical View     494
The Metastable State     498
The Active Medium     499
Population and Thermal Equilibrium     499
Conditions for Light Amplification     500
Population Inversion     501
Negative Absorption     501
Pumping     502
The Principal pumping Schemes     502
Optical Resonator     504
Laser Beam Characteristics     507
Types of Lasers     509
Applications of Lasers     521

Fiber Optics

Overview     529
Optical Fibers     530
Propagation of Light Through a Cladded Fiber     532
Modes of Propagation     536
Types of Optical Fibers     537
V-Number     539
Applications of Optical Fibers     541
Advantages of Optical Fibers     545
Attenuation     546
Fiber Losses     547
Optical Windows     549
Dispersion     549
Bandwidth Distance Product     551
Fiber Optic Communications     553
(Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises)     555
(About the CD-ROM)     559

The text book touches the areas of digital control systems: analysis, stability and classical design; state variables for both continuous-time and discrete-time systems; observers and pole-placement design; Liapunov stability; optimal control; and recent advances in control systems: adaptive control, fuzzy logic control, neural network control.

Main Features

• State variables concept introduced in Chapter 2
• Examples and problems around obsolete technology updated and new examples have been added
• Robotics modelling and control is included
• PID tuning procedure well explained and illustrated
• Robust control introduced in a simple and easily understood style
• State variable formulation and design simplified and generalizations built on examples
• In depth coverage of Digital systems.
• A Chapter on Adaptive, Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network Control, amenable to undergraduate level use, included
• Chapter on Nonlinear Systems added
• MATLAB examples for time and frequency domain analysis and design have been included.

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Mathematical Models of Physical Systems
• Feedback Characteristics of Control Systems
• Control Systems and Components
• Time Response Analysis, Design Specifications a Performance Indies
• Concepts of Stability and Algebraic Criteria
• The Root Locus Technique
• Frequency Response Analysis
• Stability in Frequency Domain
• Introduction to Design
• Digital Control Systems
• State Variable Analysis and Design
• Liapunov’s Stability Analysis
• Optimal Control Systems
• Nonlinear Systems
• Advances in Control Systems

Table of Contents

Part I Ordinary Differential Equations

• First-Order Differential Equations
• Linear Differential Equations of Second and Higher Order
• Systems of Differential Equations, Phase Plane, Qualitative Methods
• Series Solutions of Differential Equations. Special Functions
• Laplace Transforms

Part II Linear Algebra, Vector Calculus

• Linear Algebra: Matrices, Vectors, Determinants. Linear Systems of Equations
• Linear Algebra: Matrix Eigen value Problems
• Vector Differential Calculus. Grad, Div, Curl
• Vector Integral Calculus. Integral Theorems

Part III Fourier Analysis And Partial Differential Equations

• Fourier Series, Integrals, and Transforms
• Partial Differential Equations

Part IV Complex Analysis

• Complex Numbers and Functions. Conformal Mapping
• Complex Integration
• Power Series, Taylor Series
• Laurent Series, Residue Integration
• Complex Analysis Applied to Potential Theory

Part V Numerical Methods

• Numerical Methods in General
• Numerical Methods in Linear Algebra
• Numerical Methods for Differential Equations

Part VI Optimization, Graphs

• Unconstrained Optimization, Linear Programming
• Graphs and Combinatorial Optimization

Part VII Probability and Statistics

• Data Analysis
• Probability Theory
• Mathematical Statistics

1. Appendices
2. Index

INTRODUCTION

EZW algorithm is a lossy compression algorithm in which bits are generated in a bit stream, according to their importance. The EZW encoder calculates a best suited threshold value for compress the still image at a specific decomposition level, followed by multilevel decomposition steps using this threshold. Normally the threshold ranges from 6 to 60, for a decomposition level of 8

Fig: Example for a three level wavelet decomposed image

ENCODING IN EZW

Natural images can be represented as a square matrix and they have a low pass spectrum. During wavelet decomposition, the energy in the sub band decreases with the scale goes lower.

For a still image the lower frequency components (smooth color variations) are more important than high frequency components (sharp edges). Here Discrete Wavelets Transforms (DWT) is used for the separation of lower frequency components from higher frequency components. Wavelets are used instead of traditional sub band coding and Discrete Cosine Transforms (DCT), because they are more effective in localizing edges. After decomposition, the lowest frequency node will have the highest coefficient value and is considered as the root node of the tree obtained after the wavelet decomposition. After decomposition of the still image, two separate lists of wavelet coefficients are obtained.

• Subordinate list:  Consist of the magnitudes of significant coefficients.
• Dominant list contains: The coordinates of those coefficients that have not yet been found to be significant in the same relative order as the initial scan

Fig.  Flow chart of encoding algorithm.

 DOMINANT PASS

During a dominant pass, coefficients with coordinates on the dominant list are compared to the threshold Ti to determine their significance. The initial threshold will be the mean of the magnitude of all the pixel values. Next threshold value will be half of the previous, and this process goes on until the threshold value decreases to 1. If a pixel value with its magnitude less than the current threshold is found, it is considered as an insignificant value. If there are no significant values in their descendants (which are wavelet coefficients of the same orientation in the same spatial location at finer scales are likely to be insignificant with respect to Threshold) of the insignificant value, then it is coded as zero trees (T).  If any one of the insignificant pixels has a significant value (absolute value greater than threshold) in its descendants, it is coded as isolated zero (Z). Then coding of rest significant pixels are done such that the pixel values greater than zero are coded as positive (P) and less than that are coded as  negative (N) and are given to subordinate pass for quantization process. For example consider the initial threshold is 32. ThenAfter coding, we get a coded matrix [P, N, Z, T] 

SUBORDINATE PASS

Quantization is a process of approximating an infinite set of values to a finite, predictable and small set of values. Subordinate pass quantizes a number of significant pixel values to a two value alphabet which gives some idea to the decoder about the range of values where the actual pixel lies. During a subordinate pass all coefficients on the subordinate list are scanned and the specifications of the magnitudes available to the decoder are refined to an additional bit of precision. Subordinate pass includes the quantization process followed by arithmetic coding.

DECODING

The decoding process is just the reversal of encoding steps.  It consists of a number of steps.  First is an initialization step, where a zero matrix with the same size of the coded matrix and a threshold value are initialized.

The second step is known as Principal stage. Here the codes in [P, N, Z, T] matrix is analyzed and values are assigned to the alphabets. The matrix [P, N, Z, T] consist of codes with any one of the symbols P, N, Z, T.

-If the symbol is P, then the zero at the corresponding position in the zero matrix will     replaced by T_n (where T_n is the n^th threshold value)

-If the symbol is N then a -T_n will replace a zero in the zero matrix

These values are again get added with to the list of processed coefficients;

-For Z and T do nothing.

Next stage is secondary stage, where we analyze the secondary matrix obtained from principal stage and modifies each 1 by adding the one- half of the previous threshold, if the coefficient is positive and subtract if coefficient is negative. Avoid zeros

Repeat these steps until the code is exhausted

CONCLUSION

EZW is a new kind of image coding technique which offers a highly compressed image after coding and high fidelity when decoded. The low size of coded data offers much easy data transportation and saves lots of storage apace. Most striking fact about it is that EZW is an advanced as well as comparatively simple algorithm. This algorithm can be simulated using MATLAB and implemented in a DSP chip after translating it into a compilation language.

A touchscreen is an easy to use input device that allows users to control PC software and DVD video by touching the display screen. A touch system consists of a touch Sensor that receives the touch input, a Controller, and a Driver. The most commonly used touch technologies are the Capacitive & Resistive systems. The other technologies used in this field are Infrared technology, Near Field Imaging & SAW (surface acoustic wave technology). These technologies are latest in this field but are very much expensive.

The uses of touch systems as Graphical User Interface (GUI) devices for computers continues to grow popularity. Touch systems are used for many applications such as ATM’s, point-of–sale systems, industrial controls, casinos & public kiosks etc. Touch system is basically an alternative for a mouse or keyboard.

The market for touch system is going to be around $2.5 billion by 2004. Various companies involved in development of touch systems mainly are Philips, Samsung etc. Even touch screen mobile phones have been developed by Philips.

INTRODUCTION

A touchscreen is an easy to use input device that  allows users to control PC software and DVD video by touching the display screen. We manufacture and distribute a variety of touch screen related products.

A touch system consists of a touch

Sensor that receives the touch input, a Controller, and a Driver. The touch screen sensor is a clear panel that is designed to fit over a PC. When a screen is touched, the sensor detects the voltage change and passes the signal to the touch screen controller. The controller that reads & translates the sensor input into a conventional bus protocol (Serial, USB) and a software driver which converts the bus information to cursor action as well as providing systems utilities.

As the touch sensor resides between the user and the display while receiving frequent physical input from the user vacuum deposited transparent conductors serve as primary sensing element. Vacuum coated layers can account for a significant fraction of touch system cost. Cost & application parameters are chief criteria for determining the appropriate type determining the system selection. Primarily, the touch system integrator must determine with what implement the user will touch the sensor with & what price the application will support.

Applications requiring activation by a

gloved finger or arbitrary stylus such as a plastic pen will specify either a low cost resistive based sensor or a higher cost infra-red (IR) or surface acoustic wave (SAW) system. Applications anticipating bare finger input or amenable to a tethered pen comprises of the durable & fast capacitive touch systems. A higher price tag generally leads to increased durability better optical performance & larger price.

The most commonly used systems are

generally the capacitive & resistive systems. The other technologies used in this field are Infrared technology & SAW (surface acoustic wave technology) these technologies are latest in this field but are very much expensive.

1. Introduction

To avoid shoot-though in voltage source inverters (VSI), dead-time, a small interval during which both the upper and lower switches in a phase-leg are off, is introduced into the standard pulse width modulation (PWM) control of VSIs. How­ever, such a blanking time can cause problems such as output waveform distortion and fundamental voltage loss in VSIs, es­pecially when the output voltage is low.

To overcome dead-time effects, most solutions focus on dead-time compensation  by introducing complicated PWM compensators and expensive current detection hardware. In practice, the dead-time varies with the gate drive path propa­gation delay, device characteristics and output current, as well as temperature, which makes the compensation less effective, especially at low output current, low frequency, and zero current crossing. Several switching strategies for PWM power converters have been proposed to minimize the dead-time effect. A dead-time minimization algorithm was also discussed earlier to improve the inverter output performance. A phase-leg configu­ration topology proposed prevented shoot through. However, an additional diode in series in the phase-leg increases complexity and causes more loss in the inverter. Also, this phase-leg configuration is not suitable for high-power inverters because the upper device gate turn-off voltage is reversely clamped by a diode turn on voltage. Such a low voltage, usually less than 2 V, is not enough to ensure that a device is in its off-state during the activation of its complement device.

High-power inverters usually need longer dead-time than those low-power counterparts. Also due to complicated struc­tures and severe parasitic parameter variations, in practice, the dead-time for high-power inverters requires specific adjustment and/or compensation, and usually this process is time-con­suming. For general applications, automatically eliminating dead-time by gate drive technology is a desired and complete solution. Gate drives with intelligent functions are in high demand due to the emerging technology of power electronics building blocks (PEBB) and intelligent power modules (IPM) because smart functions can improve power devices’ modu­larity, flexibility and reliability.

In this work, an effective dead-time elimination method is proposed. This method is based on decomposing of a generic phase-leg into two basic switching cells, which are configured with a controllable switch in series with an uncontrollable diode. Therefore, dead-time is not needed. In this paper, the effect of dead-time in VSIs will be first introduced. The prin­ciple of the proposed method to eliminate dead-time effect is explained in detail. Simulation and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the validity and features of the proposed novel method. Flexible implementation methods are also discussed.

Most of our data is stored on local networks with servers that may be clustered and sharing storage. This approach has had time to be developed into stable architecture, and provide decent redundancy when deployed right. A newer emerging technology, cloud computing, has shown up demanding attention and quickly is changing the direction of the technology landscape. Whether it is Google’s unique and scalable Google File System, or Amazon’s robust Amazon S3 cloud storage model, it is clear that cloud computing has arrived with much to be gleaned from.

Cloud computing is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable and often virtualizes resources are provided as a service over the Internet. Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure in the “cloud” that supports them.

Need for large data processing

We live in the data age. It’s not easy to measure the total volume of data stored electronically, but an IDC estimate put the size of the “digital universe” at 0.18 zettabytes in 2006, and is forecasting a tenfold growth by 2011 to 1.8 zettabytes.
Some of the large data processing needed areas include:-

• The New York Stock Exchange generates about one terabyte of new trade data per day.

• Facebook hosts approximately 10 billion photos, taking up one petabyte of storage.

• Ancestry.com, the genealogy site, stores around 2.5 petabytes of data.

• The Internet Archive stores around 2 petabytes of data, and is growing at a rate of 20 terabytes per month.

• The Large Hadron Collider near Geneva, Switzerland, will produce about 15 petabytes of data per year.

The problem is that while the storage capacities of hard drives have increased massively over the years, access speeds—the rate at which data can be read from drives have not kept up. One typical drive from 1990 could store 1370 MB of data and had a transfer speed of 4.4 MB/s,§ so we could read all the data from a full drive in around five minutes. Almost 20 years later one terabyte drives are the norm, but the transfer speed is around 100 MB/s, so it takes more than two and a half hours to read all the data off the disk. This is a long time to read all data on a single drive—and writing is even slower. The obvious way to reduce the time is to read from multiple disks at once. Imagine if we had 100 drives, each holding one hundredth of the data. Working in parallel, we could read the data in under two minutes.This shows the significance of distributed computing.

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Techalone joins with the whole world in the practice of Earth Hour. The earth hour will be held today 27th March 2010, from 8:30 pm to 9:30 pm.  Earth hour is practiced to build the awareness of preserving nature in people’s mind. The first Earth hour was held at Sydney in the year 2007. About 20 lakh people participated in that Earth Hour.

In the last Earth Hour of year 2009, about 35 countries including India also took part and it saved about 1000 megawatt of Electricity in India itself. Energy saving and protection of the environment which gets heated up in every second are the message of Earth hour.

The features of buzz as said from the google head quarters are

1. Friends are added automatically who you have emailed on Gmail.

2. It combines sources like Picasa and Twitter into a single feed, and it also includes full-sized photo browsing.

3. Public and private sharing so that you can decide who and what to see.

4. Inbox integration. Buzz features emails that update dynamically with all Buzz thread content.

5. Recommended Buzz -puts friend-of-friend content into your stream, even if you’re not acquainted.

It can be seen as combination of facebook and twitter .It has the private aspects of facebook and the public aspects of twitter ie we can publish our updates as public or private. In twitter and facebooks we cannot get the updates of friends of friends. In buzz they suggest a recommended buzz, by this feature we can get good buzz even if it is not from our friends. Buzz will also try to find boring buzz and automatically collapse bad buzz.

ABSTRACT

The Remote Media Immersion (RMI) system is the result of a unique blend of multiple cutting-edge media technologies to create the ultimate digital media delivery platform. The main goal is to provide an immersive user experience of the highest quality. RMI encompasses all end-to-end aspects from media acquisition, storage, transmission up to their final rendering. Specifically, the Yima streaming media server delivers multiple high bandwidth streams, transmission error and flow control protocols ensure data integrity, and high-definition video combined with immersive audio provide highest quality rendering. The RMI system is operational and has been successfully demonstrated in small and large venues. Relying on the continued advances in electronics integration and residential broadband improvement, RMI demonstrates the future of on-demand home entertainment.

INTRODUCTION

The charter of the Integrated Media Systems Center (IMSC) at the University of Southern California (USC) is to investigate new methods and technologies that combine multiple modalities into highly effective, immersive technologies, applications and environments. One of the results of these research efforts is the Remote Media Immersion (RMI) system. The goal of the RMI is to create and develop a complete aural and visual environment that places a participant or group of participants in a virtual space where they can experience events that occurred in different physical locations. RMI technology can effectively overcome the barriers of time and space to enable, on demand, the realistic recreation of visual and aural cues recorded in widely separated locations.

The focus of the RMI effort is to enable the most realistic recreation of an event possible while streaming the data over the Internet. Therefore, we push the technological boundaries much beyond what current video-on-demand or streaming media systems can deliver. As a consequence, high-end rendering equipment and significant transmission bandwidth are required. The RMI project integrates several technologies that are the result of research efforts at IMSC. The current operational version is based on four major components that are responsible for the acquisition, storage, transmission, and rendering of high quality media.

STAGES OF RMI

Acquisition of high-quality media streams

This authoring component is an important part of the overall chain to ensure the high quality of the rendering result as experienced by users at a later time. As the saying “garbage in, garbage out” implies, no amount of quality control in later stages of the delivery chain can make up for poorly acquired media.

Real-time digital storage and playback of multiple independent streams

Yima Scalable Streaming Media Architecture provides real-time storage, retrieval and transmission capabilities. The Yima server is based on a scalable cluster design. Each cluster node is an off-the-shelf personal computer with attached storage devices and, for example, a Fast or Gigabit Ethernet connection. The Yima server software manages the storage and network resources to provide real-time service to the multiple clients that are requesting media streams. Media types include, but are not limited to, MPEG-2 at NTSC and HDTV resolutions, multichannel audio (e.g., 10.2 channel immersive audio), and MPEG-4

Protocols for synchronized, efficient real time transmission of multiple media streams

A selective data retransmission scheme improves playback quality while maintaining realtime properties. A flow control component reduces network traffic variability and enables streams of various characteristics to be synchronized at the rendering location. Industry standard networking protocols such as Real-Time Protocol (RTP) and Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) provide compatibility with commercial systems.

Rendering of immersive audio and high resolution video

Immersive audio is a technique developed at IMSC for capturing the audio environment at a remote site and accurately reproducing the complete audio sensation and ambience at the client location with full fidelity, dynamic range and directionality for a group of listeners (16 channels of uncompressed linear PCM at a data rate of up to 17.6Mb/s). The RMI video is rendered in HDTV resolutions (1080i or 720p format) and transmitted at a rate of up to 45 Mb/s.

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